Way to Go Wayland!

With the newer version of Gnome 3.x shells, you get an option to try Wayland sessions. You have to choose it in the login screen. I have never seen Gnome running so smoothly in X previously. Wayland is very smooth and very fast. But Wayland is still a work in progress and it may first arrive only for Gnome. While I tried, my videos files didn't play in SMPlayer and I had encountered very few gaps. (These are not bugs or glitches. These are areas where Wayland team is closing up. So it is wrong to call them bugs or issues).

Manjaro with GNOME 3.20 using Wayland

Wayland is designed from the scratch at the same time, keeping all the shortcomings of X display server in mind. X is like dinosaur and had its own time during reptilian era of GNU/Linux. In no way X is inferior to any other thing. But X's days are over. It is time to make way for a more secure, less buggy and architecturally clean Wayland.

Here is a short video of Wayland in action:

Fedora tried to make Wayland by default for 24 release (which will arrive by June 2016). But due to some gaps and effort needed for packaging and testing everything, that has been postponed to some later release. KDE project is also working with Wayland support and planning to make it default display server in near future. Bleeding edge distros like Arch and Fedora may get Wayland within next 12-18 months (May-Nov 20017?).

Ubuntu on the other hand is working on Mir (another display server). It was supposed to be arriving with 16.04 LTS release but it missed. Still 16.10 may not get Mir. Unity 8 and Mir are the two crucial updates which Ubuntu users are waiting for a long time. Like Internet Explorer had its own "standards", Mir is Canonical's way of doing Wayland. But Canonical has a valid reason (at least according to them) that they are working on convergence (same OS, UI, UX across all devices) and Mir is what they need. May be!

All I can see about Wayland is exclusively positive. I am confident that with Wayland, the UI will be buttery smooth, with less bugs and more security. Also I think nobody will troll Wayland like they do Systemd. Some or other day Systemd will also become the default display server. Oh my! I myself can't help trolling Systemd ;-)

Media Players for GNU/Linux

People often think that GNU/Linux lack support for video/audio playback. With Distros like Linux Mint having out of the box support for most video/audio formats and almost all Android phones work seamlessly with almost all media types, it is still a common myth that GNU/Linux won't play MP3 or MP4. So I am just listing few media players that can do the job for you.

VLC

Surprisingly many people running Microsoft Windows use VLC doesn't know that it is part of Free Software. But VLC (Video LAN Client) is the most widely used media player among Windows users. It plays everything from FLV to FLAC told one of my friend who runs Windows and a Microsoft fanboy. He challenged me to show an equivalent or alternate for VLC in GNU/Linux. When he visited my house next time, I showed him my PC having the same VLC (latest version). So VLC is one of the most commonly used media player that GNU/Linux users can make use of.

Link: https://www.videolan.org/vlc/

Kaffeine

Kaffeine is a very good media player that has a whole set of features to give you a full fledged media center experience. It is a KDE based player (you can still run it in other DEs.) It has support for scrambled and copy protected DVDs (you may need libdvdcss) and it is easy to use too. It is the default player for most of my DVD viewings.

Link: http://sourceforge.net/projects/kaffeine/

SMPlayer

This humble yet powerful player is not known outside the GNU/Linux world much. But if someone tries SMPlayer, they will make it as their default player for sure. It has very nice sound output and it has lot of settings that will allow you to tweak every aspect of your audio/video. The excellent keyboard shortcuts will come handy while watching videos. I am so addicted to the shortcut configurations of this player as I wonder how other players got them so wrong.

Link: http://smplayer.sourceforge.net/

So, if you are running GNU/Linux, just search for these packages in your software repositories. Sometimes you may need to add some other sources or to build from source (that is not the case usually as all major distributions have these media players in their repositories). Please share about your favorite media players in GNU/Linux systems in the comment section.

Note: Personally I strongly suggest you to stay away from non-free media formats. For list of clean and free media formats check the below link.

Link: https://www.defectivebydesign.org/so_youve_got_some_questions_do_you#formats

Ubuntu 14.10 Utopic Unicorn

Only two days to go, Ubuntu 14.10 Utopic Unicorn is planned to be released on 23rd October 2014. If you expect either Utopia or a Unicorn, you will be disappointed for sure. But if you expect a stable and user-friendly operating system, you will never get disappointed with Ubuntu.

Ubuntu 14.10 is a normal release (supported for 9 months), unlike 14.04, which is an LTS (Long Term Support, supported for 5 years). So, if you are running Ubuntu 14.04 and not interested in upgrading your OS for next one and half years, without losing security updates, they you should ignore these versions till Ubuntu 16.04 comes to your rescue!

A laptop running Ubuntu

Ubuntu 14.10 will pack Linux Kernel 3.16 (I am already running 3.17 through openSuse Tumbleweed!) which is well tested up to Debian standards. So you get a latest kernel without compromising stability. Linux 3.16 packs better support for Btrfs filesystem, improved performance in ARM platforms (mainly for smartphones and tablets). This will aid Ubuntu to get a better ground in mobile arena.

Sadly on UI front, neither Unity 8 nor GNOME 3.14 is coming with this version. Also the uncertainty surrounding the new Mir display server also prevails. So, if you are looking for anything new in UI/graphic area, then you have to wait a bit (or even much more) longer.

But against all odds, Ubuntu is a trusted name among PC and laptop users. Its user friendly nature and bundled software make it default choice of people who want an OS that just works! This "just works!" mantra is what Apple uses to sell their products for sky rocketing prices. But Ubuntu gives you everything for free.

Lenovo S210T - Brightness Control Keys Under Ubuntu 14.04 LTS

With the default Ubuntu 14.04 installation brightness control keys won't work. To fix this follow the steps below:

1. Open terminal (press Win key and type "terminal" and choose terminal)

2. Type the below code (you may be prompted to enter password)

gksudo gedit /etc/default/grub

3. In the grub file, edit the following line

GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash"

to

GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash acpi_backlight=vendor"

4. Make sure you have not done any other change by mistake as it will mess up your booting. Save and close the file.

5. Then execute below command

sudo update-grub

6. Edit blacklist configuration file for modprobe

gksudo gedit /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf

7. Add the following lines to it

# Added to make brightness control work
blacklist ideapad_laptop

8. Restart your PC

Brightness control working in Gnome session

For LXDE and XFCE, the keyboard keys won't work. But alternatively you can use the xbacklight command. Follow the below steps after doing above changes.

1. To install xbacklight

sudo apt-get install xbacklight

2. To decrease brightness

xbacklight -dec 5

3. and to increase brightness

xbacklight -inc 7

The numbers can be anything But be extra careful as it may fully reduce brightness if you give large numbers.

Any other comments/feedbacks/improvements are welcome! Thanks for reading.

Tamil Nadu Government Offices to Ditch XP for BOSS

I have already written in this blog about ending XP support and Free Operating Systems as a possible alternate. I have also written why to use a Free OS instead of proprietary OS like Windows 7/8 or OSX. Now, I am so happy to know that TN government is taking this initiative. This is a step in right direction to liberate our computers from corporate monopolies and those viruses/malwares/back-doors.

Image courtesy: http://distrowatch.com/

Though, the Government's order is a good one, it still has some gray areas. It didn't enforce the use of BOSS (Bharat Operating System Solution, a GNU/Linux distribution developed by Centre for Development of Advanced Computing). But it is given as a suggestion. The Government offices are asked to "consider" installing BOSS than purchasing proprietary operating systems.

BOSS is the operating system bundled with free laptops given by Tamil Nadu government. Earlier it was planned to ship only with BOSS, but later Windows 7 was given a place. Due to this, many students simple ignore BOSS. Here I place my request to ship free laptops with any free operating system ONLY. Now let us see the pros and cons of the BOSS

Pros:

1. BOSS has excellent Indic fonts support. So our people can use the computers in their own language.
2. BOSS is relatively robust, almost virus-free, free of cost, requires no hardware upgrade and easy to use.
3. As a free software, our Government data will not be under immediate threat of NSA(or NSA like) sponsored corporate back-doors.

Cons:

1. Its repositories are relatively old. So latest and wide varieties of software are not available easily.
2. It is bundled with proprietary codecs and freewares like Adobe flash, mp3 etc, which are not needed in context of Government offices.

My Two Cents:

The battle has just begun. But we need to do lot of things.

* Indian government can spend a little more and build a better OS suitable for Government office needs.

* If community supported distros can give latest and greatest software with rock solid stability, why can't one of the fastest developing nation develop and support one?

* Government should mandate that all PC/laptops sold in India must have a OS-less version available.

* All proprietary software should be kicked out from curriculum.

* Government should encourage/mandate universities to contribute to Free Software projects and also give generous donations to Free Software projects. They should not (ab)use free software as they are available for free of cost.

* Dangers of using proprietary software should be advertised as in the case of unprotected sex.

References:

1. http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/state-departments-asked-to-switch-over-to-free-open-source-software/article5798429.ece
2. http://bosslinux.in/
3. http://cdac.in/
4. http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main50.asp?filename=Ws101011MICROSOFT.asp

How to Download An Entire Website?

Sometimes, we like to have an entire site or part of it archived in our disk so that we can read it even without Internet connection. But how to do it? Here are two easy to use tools that does the trick.

1. wget:

"wget" is a simple yet powerful command line tool. As usual it is a free software that respects your freedom as well as gives you the freedom to read a site even without a working Internet connection. This tool is available by default in almost all GNU/Linux distributions. It has lot of options. You can use it to download a single file or a web page. You can also download recursively, i.e. a page and all the links in that page. You can choose to download pictures, style sheets, JavaScript files. You can choose the domains from which the files can be downloaded (by this, you can skip unwanted ads getting downloaded).

I am giving here a sample of wget script using which you can download this site.

wget --recursive --timestamping --span-hosts --page-requisites --adjust-extension --convert-links --domains=blogspot.in,bp.blogspot.com --no-parent techmusicnmore.blogspot.in

Let us see the options one by one

--recursive

This tells wget to download a page and all the links in the page recursively. Us it with caution as some sites have many levels of links and you may end up downloading lot of data. You may need to specify the depth using --level=n option to restrict downloads after a 'n' layers of depth.

--timestamping

This is a clever option that downloads a file only if a newer version is available. For example, if you have downloaded a site already or canceled it in between, then you can restart it without worrying about wasting your bandwidth to re-download all the files. This option will make wget to download only non-existing files and re-download only outdated files.

--span-hosts

This tell that wget to look in to other servers if needed. As our blog's images are stored in other domain(s), we need to give this option. But be informed that this may cause you to download the entire Internet!!! So you can restrict the domains by white-listing them using --domains option or black-listing them using --exclude-domains option.

--domains=server1,server2

As discussed in previous option, this option is used to restrict the downloads to just the domains specified in the comma separated list.

--page-requisites

This option is to download all the artifacts required to display a page properly. That is to download images, scripts, css etc.

--adjust-extension

This option cleverly converts the file extensions of pages to html if they are not so by default. Some sites will have other namings like .jsp or .gsp. In such cases too, the files will be converted to .htm(l) extension.

--convert-links

This option is used to convert all the links in the pages to point to local location. Without this, all pages will be downloaded. But the links will still point to the actual website.

--no-parent

To tell wget that it should download ONLY the links/files below the given URL. It will not allow the parents of current link to be downloaded. For example, you have a web page with links to all articles written by a particular author. If you use wget without this option, then all the pages including home page, about us etc will be downloaded. With this option, only the pages written by that author will be downloaded.

wget in action; downloading this blog ;-)

These are not the only way to do the things. You can do lot of things with wget. There are some websites which will prevent automatic downloads like this. You can cheat them by acting like a real user by hitting the server with some time intervals and masquerading that the requests are from real browser.  For that you may need to go through the manual. The link is given below.

wget manual: https://www.gnu.org/software/wget/manual/wget.html

2. Httrack

If you are not running GNU/Linux, my first advice is to switch your OS. If you can't or you need a GUI based alternate to wget even in GNU/Linux, here is Httrack. This has all the options as in wget and lot more. But it has some other options that wget doesn't. That is mainly because, wget is developed for general reasons, while Httrack is specifically developed for website archiving and crawling. So it has a slight edge over wget.

This awesome tool is available for Windows, OSX, Android and of course GNU/Linux and BSD platforms. It is a free software released under GPLv3. So have no guilt in using it. If you are a GNU/Linux user, then download the source package using wget and compile it locally for extra fun!

You can get Httrack from here: http://www.httrack.com/
Httrack for Android: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.httrack.android
Httrack manual: http://www.httrack.com/html/index.html

Software Suggestions: 5 GNU/Linux Packages

1. SMPlayer

Want a clean, simple yet powerful media player? Tired of VLC? Don't want to use those trial/crippled sharewares? Then you should give SMPlayer a try. An awesome media player with support for lot of codecs.

Name: SMPlayer
License: GPL
Website: http://smplayer.sourceforge.net/

2. Stellarium

Are you a person who likes to stare at the night sky but couldn't due to various reasons? Then here is a software that can bring the space experience to your PC. Stellarium has lot of features that make things even more interesting. You can zoom in to objects, you can see the moons of Jupiter going around it! You can fast-forward the movements of heavenly bodies. You can get real-time position, scientific names etc for almost 210 million stars (you have to install those extra catalogs).

Name: Stellarium
License: GPL
Website: http://www.stellarium.org/

3. Freeciv

Do you think you can change the world? Give it a try with Freeciv. You begin to rule a small band of settlers, workers and an explorer. You have to research each and everything like pottery, iron working, gun powder and you can go till nuclear weapons, super conductor and spacecrafts. Also you can progress in to a republic or democracy. You can build wonders, city improvements etc. You have to keep and eye on each city so that people are content and the city is not slipping in to famine etc. If you start this game, surely it will take hours to finish :)

Name: Freeciv
License: GPL
Website: http://freeciv.wikia.com/wiki/Main_Page

4. Audacity

Edit your audios like a pro. You can filter noise, merge stereo to mono, invert stereo tracks to cancel out voice, alter pitch and lot more. It comes handy to edit audios for stage shows. It has ability to convert audio cassettes in to digital music with surprising results. If you love music and have lot of cassettes, you must try this out!

Name: Audacity
License: GPL
Website: http://audacity.sourceforge.net/

5. GIMP

Tired of using pirated versions of Photoshop? Is that serial-key generator for Photoshop contain virus? Don't have enough money to buy a license? Forget about that! Here is GIMP! GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP) can be used to create high quality images, icons, gif animations, wallpapers or just casual photo editing. Cartoon effect, pencil sketch effect, photo frame effect are readily available. In experienced hands, GIMP can work miracles.

Name: GIMP
License: LGPL/GPL
Website: http://www.gimp.org/

5 Resons to Use a Free Operationg System

1. Freedom and Free of Cost

With Free Software, you get freedom. That is what the "Free" in Free Software means. But for our people, who are brainwashed by corporate media, free also means for no cost. The good news is, most free operating systems also come for free of cost too. Don't come with vile excuses like you have a pirated copy of Windows or you got it bundled with your machine. Former is silly and later is stupid. It is silly to steal a product when a better product is available freely and it is stupid to claim that you got Windows free of cost with your machine, while you have paid for it through "Microsoft tax". Also you can be sure that no NSA agent is offered a backdoor in your machine. If you doubt it, look in to the source for yourself!

2. Secure

Free operating systems like GNU/Linux and BSD are more secure. There are only few know viruses exist for these platforms and they are also controlled currently. Unless you are foolish enough to reveal your password or keep a password that can be easily guessed or fooled to install a malware, you are almost safe. Even though I will suggest you to have a Free Software anti-virus program like Clam-AV to prevent propagating virus unknowingly to other platforms and any new threat.

3. All in One

When you install Windows, you have to install all drivers and other software separately. And some of them are costly too. It is time consuming to keep all of the installed software up to date. You have to check the software's website regularly and download the latest version and install them. With the software repository concept, (which was there as far back as I remember) Free operating systems allow you to install and maintain all software in one place. Also you can find free software alternate for almost all tools you like. When a new version of your favorite browser or media player is released, your system update itself will update them too. Isn't that easy?

4. Choice of UI

Don't like the Aero UI? You can switch to the Classic UI. Or you can console yourself by changing the color themes. These are the few options available with Windows. With the Free operating systems, you can have wide varieties like GNOME, KDE, MATE, Xfce, LXDE, Enlightenment, Cinnamon and I can't list them all here! You have that many choices. You can install whatever you want or you can install multiple desktop environments in a single system and switch between them in login screen. You can choose not to install any UI and use in CLI mode. This will suit servers and workstation for hardcore geeks like Torvalds or Stallman.

5. No Fragmentation

If you have used Windows for a good amount of time, then you should have noticed that the system slows with time. Why? This is due to file fragmentation. That is, files are stored scattered along the disk and the hard disk head has to move back and forth to read a sequence of data, say an audio or video file. This will also reduce the life of your hard disk. Windows comes with a defragmentor tool. But that too has lot of limitation. But free operating systems come with cutting edge journaled file systems which don't fragment with time. Even if they do very rarely, you can just copy the files to some other partition and copy them back. But I have never came across such situation.

Top 10 Distros

Well, I have been using Free Software based distributions from 2004 (that was when I got my first own PC). I have come across many distributions. Now, I will share 10 of the best distributions I recommend people and their target audience. The list is sort of a count-down. So let us start with 10.

10. PC-BSD

BSD is not Linux. It is a UNIX clone too. Its file system, partition management, working differs greatly from Linux based distros. But this is a very solid platform and provides a secure and robust system suitable for servers and research and development labs. If you are freaky enough, you can try to install it as a dual booting system along with a GNU/Linux system.

9. Puppy Linux

Do you have a very old PC? Or have you managed to assemble a PC from junkyard? Here is a distro that can fire it up to life. Puppy Linux requires very less memory and other requirements. Of course it lacks fancy GUI and powerful tools like office applications. But it works like charm in very old hardware. Puppy is derived from Ubuntu.

8. Lubuntu

This LXDE flavor of Ubuntu is Puppy Linux for bit newer hardware. Also this packs good driver support and adds option to install latest and greatest packages. So if you have a 10 years old PC and want it to perform fast like a new one, Lubuntu is for you.

7. Gentoo

For those who doubt pre-compiled binaries in repositories, Gentoo is the answer. If you have enough time and powerful hardware, you can do the entire compilation of your GNU/Linux system right on your machine. You may find the installation bit tough. But it is rewarding. You never need to upgrade the system. You only need to update it. This is called rolling release. Compared to Fedora in which you need to upgrade frequently, this is relatively simple. Suitable for BASHers. So install once and forget how to install. You can still complain that the stage-3 tarballs are tainted by NSA ;-)

6. Arch Linux

This is the one for those who are not afraid of command line interface. You have to set up this distro by executing commands. No GUI based installation.This is much like Gentoo minus compilation. Arch is awesome and has a very good community to support. If you search for generic Linux issues, Arch wiki is where you land.

5. Ubuntu/Linux Mint

These are derivatives of Debian. Mint comes with Mate desktop environment for those who hate GNOME 3 and Ubuntu comes with Unity interface. These distros ship with lot of proprietary drivers. The reason I recommend them is because they are suitable for lazy people who just want everything working out of the box. Especially if you have laptops with locked hardware, this will work out in most cases. But the better suggestion is to choose a more open hardware and go for a better distribution.

4. CentOS

CentOS is community supported clone of RedHat Linux. This is one of the most stable and well tested distro. But it lags a lot in terms of package versions. For example, current version of CentOS (as of 26th Feb, 2014) ships with 2.6.x kernel, while a uname -r in my machine spat out 3.13.3. But this has its own plus. All packages are well tested. Almost all bugs fixed and most drivers for bit older hardware are readily available. This makes it suitable for servers and workstations. Also this distro as of now lacks fancy desktop environments. So it uses less resources and perform well.

3. OpenSUSE

OpenSUSE is community edition of SUSE from Novell. Made in Germany. IT has good driver support and an active community to help you out. If you can switch to Tumbleweed channel, you can get a taste of rolling release like that of Arch. Yast makes the system management easy. So this is the distro suitable for home PCs with good hardware configurations. It ships with awesome desktop environments like KDE 4 and GNOME 3. Everything you need in one place!

2. Fedora

This the future version of Red Hat. What is today Fedora will become Red Hat one day. It is one of the most bleeding edge distro. This makes it a bit hard to use for people with proprietary hardware. As the kernel and other stuffs are constantly updated, it may impact the system sometimes. Mostly the stable releases won't have any problem. But don't ask me about why x or y is not working after an update. This is suitable for power users with good open hardware (without proprietary graphic cards, wi-fi chips, web cams etc).

1. BLAG/Dragora/Dynebolic/gNewSense/Musix/Parabola/Trisquel

These are all Free Software Foundation (FSF)  approved distros. They may lack some drivers, no flash,  they can't play mp3s. These are not so fancy and these are not meant for kids playing flash games or adults watching porn. But if you care about freedom, these are the distributions you should run. Especially gNewSense is the distribution that Dr. Richard Stallman himself runs. You can find more information about these distributions at http://www.gnu.org/distros/free-distros.html