லினக்ஸுக்கு வயசு 25!

1991-ஆம் ஆண்டு லினஸ் பெனடிக்ட் டோர்வால்ட் (Linus Benedict Torvalds) என்னும் ஃபின்லாந்து நாட்டுக் கணினியியல் மாணவரால் ஒரு பொழுதுபோக்காக ஆரம்பிக்கப் பட்டதே இந்த லினக்ஸ். லினக்ஸ் என்பது முழுமையான இயங்குதளம் (OS) இல்லை. அது இயங்குதளத்தின் கெர்னல் (Kernel) எனப்படும் உட்கருவாகும். லினக்ஸ் கெர்னல் கிணு-வுடன் (GNU) சேர்ந்து கிணு/லினக்ஸ் (GNU/Linux) இயங்குதளத்தை சாத்தியப்படுத்தியது. இருபத்தைந்து ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன் லினக்ஸின் ஆரம்ப நாட்கள் குறித்து லினஸ் டோர்வால்ட் கூறுகையில், "அது முழுவதும் ஒரு தனிநபர் செயல்பாடாகவே இருந்தது" என்கிறார். மேலும் 1991-ஆம் ஆண்டு அவர் லினக்ஸ் குறித்து எழுதிய முதல் பதிவில், "இது கிணு போன்று திட்டவட்டமானதாக இல்லாமல் ஒரு பொழுதுபோக்குக்கான ஒன்று" என்று குறிப்பிட்டிருந்தார்.

கிணு இயங்குதளத்திற்கான வேலைகள்  அமெரிக்கரான ரிச்சர்டு ஸ்டால்மன் (Richard Stallman) தலைமையில் வழிநடத்தப்பட்டு வந்த நேரம் அது. ஏறத்தாழ முழு இயங்குதளமும் முடியும் தருவாயில் இருந்த நிலையில் அதற்குத்தேவையான ஹர்ட் (Hurd) உட்கரு (கெர்னல்) மட்டும் தேக்கநிலையில் இருந்தது (இன்றும் அப்படியே உள்ளது!). மினிக்ஸ் (Minix) என்னும் மாற்று இருந்த போதிலும் அது கட்டற மென்பொருளாக (Free Software) அப்போது இல்லை.  அந்த நேரத்தில் யாரும் எதிர்பாராத வண்ணம் ஃபின்லாந்திலிருந்து உதவி வந்தது.

ஃபின்லாந்து நாட்டின் ஹெல்ஸின்கி பல்கலையில் கணினியியல் துறையில் பயின்று வந்த லினஸ் இணையத்தின் மூலம் தன்னுடைய கெர்னலை வெளியிட்டார். மேலும் அதை கிணு பொது உரிமத்தின் (GPL - GNU General Public License) கீழ் வெளியிட்டார். அப்போது மினிக்ஸ் கெர்னலை எழுதிக்கொண்டு இருந்த ஆண்ட்ரு டனேன்பௌம் (Andrew Tanenbaum) லினக்ஸின் கட்டமைப்பு மோசமானது என்றும் தன்னுடைய மைக்ரோ-கெர்னல் கட்டமைப்பே சீரியதென்றும் விவாதித்தார். அதற்க்கு லினஸ் தன்னுடைய கெர்னல் ஒரு சிறிய அளவிலான ஆதாயமற்ற மென்பொருள். மேலும் அது இன்டெல் 80386 சிப்பிற்கு மட்டுமே எழுதப்படுவது என்று கூறினார்.

ஆனால் இன்றோ இந்த லினக்ஸ் கெர்னல் நீக்கமற எங்கும் நிறைந்துள்ளது. உங்கள் கைப்பேசியில் உள்ள ஆண்ட்ராய்டு இயங்குதளம் முதல் பங்குச்சந்தைகள், நீர்மூழ்கிக்கப்பல்கள், குளிர்சாதனப்பெட்டிகள், தொலைக்காட்சிகள், விண்வெளியில் சுற்றும் செயற்கைக்கோள்கள் வரை பல இடங்களில் லினக்ஸ் ஊடுருவியுள்ளது. உலகில் உள்ள மிக வேகமான 500 சூப்பர் கம்ப்யூட்டர்களில் ஒருசிலவற்றைத் தவிர அனைத்தும் லினக்ஸ் கெர்னல் மூலமே இயங்குகின்றன.

கைப்பேசிச் சந்தையில் ஆண்ட்ரைடுக்குப் போட்டியாக இருக்கும் ஒரே இயங்குதளம் ஆப்பிள் நிறுவனத்தின் ஐ-ஓ.எஸ். ஆனால் ஆப்பிள் நிறுவனத்தால் கணினிகளில் (மேசைமேல் மற்றும் மடிமேல்) ஒன்றும் சாதிக்க முடியவில்லை. மேலும் ஃபயர் ஃபாக்ஸ், டைசன் இயங்குதளங்களும் லினக்ஸ் உட்கருவையே பயன்படுத்துகின்றன. இதற்க்கு நேர்மாறாக கணினிகளில் மேலாதிக்கம் செலுத்தும் மைக்ரோசாஃப்ட் விண்டோஸ் இயங்குதளம் கைப்பேசிகளில் சொற்ப அளவிலேயே பயன்படுகிறது. ஆனால் கைபேசி மற்றும் கணினிகள் என்று மொத்தமாகப் பார்த்தல் லினக்ஸ் உட்காருவே அதிகமாக பயன்பாட்டில் இருக்கிறது. இணையத்தை இயக்கும் சர்வர்கள் (server) பெரும்பாலும் கிணு/லினக்ஸிலே இயங்குகின்றன. இந்த அடிப்படையில் இன்று உலகிலேயே அதிகமாகப் பயன்பாட்டில் உள்ள இயங்குதள உட்கரு லினக்ஸே!

இதன் வெற்றிக்கு முழுக்காரணமும் யாருக்கும் சேராது. இது ஒரு கூட்டு முயற்சியே! இன்றைய நிலையில் லினக்ஸ் நிரலில் வெறும் 0.2% பங்களிப்பே லினஸ் டோர்வால்டிடம் இருந்து வருகிறது. இணையமும் தொழில்நுட்ப முன்னேற்றமும் பல புதிய வழிகளைத் திறந்துள்ளன. 25 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன் இருந்த இணையமும் கணினியும் சாதிக்க முடிந்த ஒன்றை இன்றைய நிலையில் 4ஜி-யும் ஸ்மார்ட்போனும் கொண்டு நாம் செய்ய முடியாதா? கூட்டு முயற்சியும், ஒத்துழைப்பும், ஆர்வமும், தேடலும் இருந்தால் லினக்ஸ் போன்ற எண்ணற்ற புதிய படைப்புகள் தோன்றும். அது கணினித்துறையில் மட்டுமே இருக்கவேண்டும் என்று அவசியம் இல்லை. மருத்துவம், வேளாண்மை, வாணியல் என்று எந்தத் துறையிலும் இருக்கலாம்! வாருங்கள் அறிவைப் பகிர்ந்து ஆற்றலைப் பெருக்குவோம்!

Leave and Travel?

For last few days, there was much noise about the tax on EPF. Thankfully the government has reversed the same now. But there is a feeble cry in my mind for a long time. This is about the non-taxable nature of Leave and Travel Allowance (LTA). To makes things simple and not to waste time on things that are not related to this post, please read about LTA here: http://taxguru.in/income-tax/taxability-of-leave-travel-allowance-lta-and-relevant-aspects-to-keep-in-mind.html

Why traveling alone is given a privilege over other forms of recreations or entertainments?

So what is the problem with LTA? I am not against LTA tax exemptions. But I am asking why traveling alone is given a privilege over other forms of recreations or entertainments? It is correct to argue that travel encourages tourism and indirectly benefits the economy and hence the tax exemption. But this can be said to anything. For example, a good guitar costs around 7,000 to 15,000 rupees. A good set of encyclopedia costs around 5,000 to 10,000 rupees. A hobby telescope costs around 4,000 to 8,000 rupees. Can you get tax deduction on these? They also encourage trade and business. It is profitable for the business and pays the craftsmen. It also encourages the "scientific temper" among the public which in turn may result in more inventions, discoveries, creativity and overall progress of the nation. Why there is no tax exemption on these things?

Also not everyone likes to travel. For example, I like to spend days together in a locked room than visiting 10 locations in 3 days. It is neither relaxing, not informative to travel that much in the small vacations we avail now-a-days. Some people may have a working spouse or studying kid or bedridden parents and hence couldn't plan for a travel. Physically challenged people, people with chronic diseases etc. also prefer to stay home instead of taking that extra risk of travelling. Also travels result in increased number of accidents, which indirectly harm the economy through reduced productivity, insurance cost and loss of life. As we can see, LTA is skewed towards people who like to travel a lot. But why leave behind the considerable population who don't want to travel?

A group of friends can travel to Goa or Pondicherry and booze and happily claim the travel expenses under LTA while another group of friends interested in astronomy have to fund their telescope without any encouragement like tax benefits. Is this acceptable? I think it is not! I try my best to list few of the things that can be exempted from tax. This can be clubbed under one new category "Recreation and Hobby Allowance" or RHA!

a. Exercise and Fitness Equipment

As an encouragement towards a stronger and healthy India, fitness equipment with valid scientific backing can be excluded from taxation. Why I say they should have valid scientific backing? Because claiming tax benefit for a magnetic amulet that can "cure" obesity is not what we want end of the day, right? Indian Medical Association and other such Government bodies should have a transparent process to identify valid fitness equipment so that people can get tax benefits for them. Also spending on proper sport gears like balls, nets, helmets etc. for children should be non-taxable for the parents. The price tag on a 600 rupees shoe will look like 540 rupees for a salaried middleclass parent. Will it not encourage a student somewhere to become a Olympic gold medalist holding the Tricolor?

b. Musical Instruments, Drawing and Painting Tools and the Likes

Music is integral part of our culture, so are the various arts. Music, drawing, painting, dancing, sculpting and other forms of arts demand lot of money for the equipment and tools involved. We all know that it is not cheap to learn any art. And art has no age too! Art is long and life is short, right? Is it wrong to learn Tanjore painting at 35? I am not even saying that the fee amount should be non-taxable (I will be happy if it is!) At least the money spent on the articles, tools and instruments involved should be non-taxable. Again, institutions like UGC should strongly scrutinize the candidates for this exemption as pseudo-science and religion can sneak in to this category easily.

c. Books, Infotainment Media (CD/DVD/e-Books/Downloaded Contents)

Good books are indicators of a good culture and civilization!

We are reading lesser and lesser if we don't consider our WhatsApp and Facebook ASCI diarrhea as reading. Good books are indicators of a good culture and civilization. In this modern era, not only books, but interactive software, videos and audios can also play a good role in shaping us. Again, government should make sure that no religious or pseudo-scientific books or media slips in to this category.

d. Scientific Hobbies

Young children often ask their parents "Dad, can you buy me a microscope?" or "Mom, can I get a electronics kit for this birthday?". Even if the parent is willing, when they check the price of the "gift", they get upset and settle with a video game console or a cricket bat, for which the kid shows no interest. But when the kid doesn't get what it loves and forced to love what it gets, we are silently murdering a scientist in making. If the government gives a double tax benefit on scientific equipment (again no pseudos!), we can see more and more kids looking in to the night skies or testing the salinity of the nearby pond. Who knows how many Sir C. V. Ramans and Satyendra Boses are going wasting time on WWE only because they couldn't get their hand on a book or an instrument they wished for? Giving a 10 or 20% tax benefit on these items can return the nation in many ways. Even if only 1 out of thousand becomes a scientist, given the population of India, we will be world's number 1 in few decades.

Conclusion

There can be more such things which can be classified as both entertainment/hobby and beneficial to the individual and society. I am not here to list them all. This post is just to share my opinion on the skewed nature of LTA benefits. Why I am saying this is because, government cannot decide that travel alone is what everyone wants and it is not sufficient to give travel alone some tax benefits while things far better and beneficial than travel are given no encouragement at all. As we have seen in above examples, there are lot many things people like to get involved in their free time. Given the direct positive effects on trade and economy and the indirect benefits of building a stronger and brighter nation, tax exemption on these secular and scientific areas of human interests is need of the hour!

3D (Anaglyph) Image With GIMP

What You Need:

1. A mobile/digital camera
2. A PC with GIMP (preferably running GNU/Linux)
3. Glass papers (red, blue and green colors)
4. Carton box (like the one comes with corn flakes, health drinks etc)
5. A pair of scissors
6. Glue

3D - An Introduction:

What ever we see with TWO eyes is 3D. Yes. It needs two eyes to resolve 3 dimensional visual. The same is true for hearing. How this happens? We have two eyes. But they are placed slightly apart on our face. This small distance between the eyes does the trick. Both our eyes send a two dimensional visual to our brain. and our brain merges them to resolve 3 dimensional vision. Closer the object, higher the difference between the images and farther the image lesser the difference between images created by right and left eyes. Using this, our brain creates a 3 dimensional vision.

Clicking The Photo(s!):

As we have seen in the introduction, we need two slightly different images of same object to create a 3D anaglyph. So take a photo with your digital/mobile camera and slightly move the camera few centimetres to left/right and click another image. Extreme care must be taken to avoid change in lighting, shakes and zoom levels. Try your best to keep the change in horizontal plane as much as possible (like our eyes which are horizontally separated). I have clicked first photo of this tiger doll and slightly moved the camera horizontally to left and clicked the second photo.

Right eye view

Left eye view

GIMP Work:

1. First open your right eye view image with GIMP

2. Go to Colors -> Desaturate and choose whatever shade of grey base you like. I have chosen Luminosity.

3. In color picker dialog choose red as foreground color. Make sure the values in Blue and Green fields are 0 and Red field is 255

4. Now go to Layers -> New Layer and choose foreground color. A red layer will be placed on your image! Don't panic!

5. Go to File -> Open as Layer and choose the left eye view image

6. Go to Colors -> Desaturate and choose exactly same shade of grey base as you chose in right eye view image.

7. A quick look in to your layer dialog will be like this!

8. In color picker dialog choose cyan as foreground color. Make sure the values in Blue and Green fields are 255 and Red field is 0

9. Now go to Layers -> New Layer and choose foreground color. A cyan layer will be placed on your image! Again, don't panic!

10. A quick look in to your layer dialog will be like this!

11. Select Cyan layer and choose the mode to "Screen"

12. Click on the eye icon in the layers to toggle visibility. If the eye icon is displayed, the layer is visible. Now make cyan layer and left eye image layer alone visible

13. Now your image will be like this. Go to Image -> Merge Visible Layers...

14. A quick look in to your layer dialog will be like this!

15. Select Red layer and choose the mode to "Screen"

16. Make red layer and right eye image layer alone visible


17. Now your image will be like this. Go to Image -> Merge Visible Layers...

18. A quick look in to your layer dialog will be like this!

19. Make both layers visible and select the cyan layer. Select mode as "Multiply"

20. If done correctly, your image will be like this. Export it as JPEG or PNG as you wish.

21. Fine tune your anaglyph by adjusting the layers while wearing the 3D red-cyan glasses (see below to know how to make it!)

Here is the anaglyph I have made!

The Glasses:

To make the glasses, you need red, blue and green glass papers. Cut two rectangles of red glass paper and one rectangle each of blue and green papers. Cut the frame of the glass from the carton box. Glue the red paper on one eye and blue and green on the other (to create cyan). I have made one within 15 minutes. The glass papers (large sheet) cost Rs. 5 each. You can make at least 10 glasses with a single purchase of glass papers.

Viewing:

Place the cyan side on your right eye and red side on your left eye. If you see ghost image, then move farther from screen or just zoom out the image. Outdoor images with farther backgrounds work better with this trick.

Conclusion:

So we have seen how to create an anaglyph with easy steps using GIMP. Also we have seen how to create 3D glasses at home cheap and easy! So enjoy your weekend with kids. If possible, kindly share your anaglyphs here!

DIY Cap Gun

The fireworks season is on! Diwali followed by Karthigai followed by Christmas followed by New Year, followed by Pongal! WOW! For next three months, there will be lot of dazzling colors and sounds (and also smoke and bit of paper!). What to do if the kids are demanding for lot of crackers and sparklers? How to divert them to do something useful and at the same time less polluting and cheap? This Do It Yourself (DIY) cap gun is one. When I was a kid, during a Diwali time, one of my friend introduced this in our street. Soon, everyone of us were bugging our parents/brothers/friends to help us in making our own cap guns and we almost lost our interest in everything else (sweets are exceptions as usual!). Let us see how to make it!

What you need?

Things you need

1. A hollow stick (I don't know the name of that plant we used, but any hollow stick that is strong and not so thick is suitable)

2. A large nail (4 or 4.5 or 5 inch nail according to the size of stick or availability)

3. A small nail (1 inch nail)

4. A bicycle wheel spoke with the nipple (screw like part that connects the spoke to the rim)

5. A rubber band

6. A knife to cut the stick

If you are below 15 years old, you also need an adult supervisor (preferably parent/elder sibling).

Steps:

Don't forget to get adult(s) help in case you are younger than 15!

1. Cut a 2 to 2.5 inch wide rectangle in the middle of the length of the stick up to half of the thickness (refer image).

2. Insert the large nail in the stick through the slit which we have cut. The head of the nail should be facing the opening of the slit (refer image). You may need some bits of paper or card to hold it tightly in place. You can use any suitable thing like large screws, flat head pins etc, preferably made of metal, in this place if you don't find a suitable nail.

3. Drive the small nail on the stick so that it is in the opposite side of the large nail (refer image).

Nipple end should be straight...

4. Bend the bicycle spoke as shown in the image.

5. Insert the bicycle spoke in to the stick, with the nipple facing the large nail and put the rubber band over the small nail and bent end of the spoke.

6. Drag the spoke and insert a spot cap or a single bit of torn roll cap in the space between the nail and spoke's nipple. Release the spoke, “Tzzaap!”

You can try with different shape of sticks. Also you can paint your gun or stick some color papers to improve its look. I once tied an empty soap box to the bottom and pasted black paper to give it a better look!

Advantages:

This gun will soon break or may need frequent tinkering. So this will keep the kids engaged in taking care of their home made guns and improving the same instead of demanding  you to buy another 1000-wala. Also it will make them proud that it is the gun they themselves have made and hence their happiness is much more compared to those who own costly cap guns and crackers. As the parts are fully bio degradable and caps cause relatively miniscule pollution, this is Eco-friendly too! You can think of lot many improvements and other such DIY toys. If you have any ideas, you can also share it with others! So have a creative, safe and responsible festival season ahead! Enjoy!

The Green Pet

Most of us love to have pets. But in this fast moving world, we find no time to keep one and maintain properly. Also today's small families can't handle responsibilities like bathing the pets, feeding them, taking them for walking, mating etc. Even fish demand changing water and proper feeding and maintenance. And for most people, the toughest part is going on vacation. It is impossible to take the pets along and it is equally impossible to convince a neighbor or relative to take care of the pet during vacations. So what can we do?

Here is a perfect solution for all of us. We keep wide varieties of green pets according to our space and economic constraints. Yes. I am talking about plants/trees. These are the pets you can keep without sparing much time and money. You can leave for vacations up to a week. And usually it is easier for you to convince your neighbor or relative to water the plant/tree once in a while rather than taking your doberman a walk.

Gooseberries grow well in Tamil Nadu climate!

I know most of the people living in concrete jungles (metros) can't afford space for trees. But still, they can easily find place for small pots growing table rose or sun rose. These small pots. If you are lucky to have a backyard (even with concrete flooring), you can grow small plants like tomato, bitter melon, rose, curry leaves etc. If you have even bigger space, with soil, then you can go for larger plants like hibiscus, jasmine etc and small trees like gooseberries, papaya etc. Seriously I am no expert in gardening. But with a small strip of land (4 x 30 feet), I managed to grow many of vegetables and trees (not at the same time though!)

If you are lucky, you will be visited by surprise guests!

These plants provide you a calm and polite company. They won't demand you to for biscuits or walking yet, they will be there quietly standing for you at the energetic early morning or after a tiring day's work. Their aroma, their colors, their shades and the gentle filtered air... Those are priceless compared to smelly dog poops or allergic cat hairs (no offense dog and cat lovers!). By growing these plants or trees, you will be surprised by pleasant visits of honey bees, sparrows, squirrels, butterflies and of course some unwanted insects and reptiles. But hey! That is not that big thing to address. In my entire 15+ years experience, I have encountered few centipedes and lizards apart from harmless insects like ants, grasshoppers and spiders (non-poisonous).

Are you feeling guilty about eating your pet's fetus? ;-)

My tips for a small backyard garden:

Spend few minutes daily to water the plants/trees.

Every weekend spend an hour to address the soil and cleaning.

Don't use pesticides and fertilizers. As you are growing them as pets, don't worry much about their yield.

Change the type of plants often. Experiment with different varieties of flowers, veggies and fruits.

Don't attach too much emotions. Plant's don't understand much and you should not be crying if that papaya tree is infected with some pest!

Conclusion:

By growing plants, you are doing more good than harm to the nature. Most of the pets are really not that good in terms of nature. They are also not an economic choice too. But plants on the other hand are both eco-friendly and economic. So enjoy the fruits of nature and cherish its beauty!